Place · region

Kamchatka

What the sources say here: 5 passages

Mice that wander 'like the Tatars'

Editorial contextDescribing Kamchatka's root voles, Steller says the strangest thing about them is that they roam like Tatars, leaving the whole peninsula in great herds at certain times and staying away for years. He adds that they store food in cleaned larders, and that in spring dead mice are found with aconite root in their mouths, as if they had ended their lives in famine. The comparison shows 'Tatar' had become a byword for any wandering horde.

The strangest thing about the Kamchatka mice is that they wander about in the manner of the Tatars, and all at once, in whole herds, withdraw at certain times from all of Kamchatka and stay away for some years

Working translation

Original wording

Das Seltsamste bey denen kamtschatzkischen Mäusen ist, daß sie nach Art derer Tataren herum wandern, und sich alle auf einmal heerweise zu gewissen Zeiten aus ganz Kamtschatka retiriren, einige Jahre wegbleiben

Georg Wilhelm Steller (ed. J. B. Scherer, 1774)

About none (Tatars used as a comparison)

Keep in mind

The vole migrations are real; the idea that mice kill themselves with aconite is Steller's (or local) interpretation.

Continue in this sourceSteller's description of Kamchatka1740 to 1744 · 4 passages

Descended from the Mongols, not the Tartars

Editorial contextAsking where the Kamchadals came from, Krasheninnikov separates the 'Mungals' from the 'Tartars who live upon the river Amur'. His reasoning: if they had come from the Tartars they would have settled on the empty, fertile Lena rather than cold Kamchatka. He also claims the Mungals had used iron for two thousand years while 'the other Tartars' made knives and daggers of copper, yet the Kamchadals knew no iron at all.

The following reasons incline us to think that they take their origin from the Mungals, not from the Tartars who live upon the river Amur, nor from the Kuriles or Japanese; for if they had sprung from the Tartars it is probable they would have settled about the river Lena

Stepan Krasheninnikov (translated by James Grieve, 1764)

About Kamchadals (Itelmen); Mongols ('Mungals'); Amur 'Tartars'

Keep in mind

Scholarly speculation. The Kamchadals' own tradition, as he reports on the previous page, was that they were created on the spot.

Continue in this sourceKrasheninnikov's natural history of Kamchatka1737 to 1741 · 3 passages

Reindeer Koryaks with 'Tartar' features

Editorial contextMeeting a Chukchi man and the Reindeer Koryaks in northern Kamchatka, Dobell sorts them by looks: the Chukchi resemble North American Indians, while the Koryaks have the high cheekbones and small eyes 'by which the Tartars are distinguished'. Here 'Tartar' is simply a label for an East Asian face type, not a nation he met.

The Reindeer Karaikees, on the contrary, have those very high cheek bones and small eyes, as well as those features generally by which the Tartars are distinguished; and they certainly resemble much the Northern Chinese.

Peter Dobell

About Reindeer Koryaks, compared with Tartars and northern Chinese

Keep in mind

A racial generalisation typical of the period.

Continue in this sourcePeter Dobell's travels across Kamchatka and Siberia1800 to 1833 · 2 passages

Rats that migrate 'like the wandering tartars'

Editorial contextDescribing the root voles of Kamchatka, which store roots in neat many-roomed nests, Krasheninnikov compares their mass migrations to the moves of 'the wandering tartars'. When the rats left, the Kamchadals feared a wet year and poor hunting; when they came back, messengers ran to spread the good news. The simile shows that by the 1750s 'Tartar' was shorthand for nomads who move with the seasons.

These rats change their habitations like the wandering tartars, and sometimes for a certain number of years they all leave Kamtschatka, and go to some other place. This retirement is very alarming to the Kamtschadales, who think it forebodes a rainy season and a bad year for the chace

Stepan Krasheninnikov (translated by James Grieve, 1764)

About Kamchadals (Itelmen)

Continue in this sourceKrasheninnikov's natural history of Kamchatka1737 to 1741 · 3 passages
Show 1 more passage

Proof by word endings and faces

Editorial contextHe concludes that the Kamchadals once lived in 'Mungalia beyond the river Amur' and were one people with the Mongols, pushed out to the edge of the world by 'Eastern conquerors', much as the Lapps and Samoyeds were pushed north in Europe. His evidence is a list of word endings he thought sounded 'Mungal Chinese', and a list of shared bodily features and supposed character traits.

Thus it appears likely, that the Kamtschadales lived formerly in Mungalia beyond the river Amur, and made one people with the Mungals, which is farther confirmed by the following observations, such as the Kamtschadales having several words common to the Mungal Chinese language, as their terminations in ong, ing, oang, chin, cha, ching

Stepan Krasheninnikov (translated by James Grieve, 1764)

About Kamchadals (Itelmen) and Mongols ('Mungals')

Keep in mind

Resemblance in word endings is weak evidence, and the character traits he lists are prejudice, not observation.

Continue in this sourceKrasheninnikov's natural history of Kamchatka1737 to 1741 · 3 passages

On the old maps

Maps that name Kamchatka.

20 sources and maps name this place

  1. 1732–1764a range
    Collection of Russian History
    WGerhard Friedrich MüllermixedW278
  2. 1734exact year
  3. 1740swithin a decade
  4. 1741–1743a range
  5. 1745exact year
    Atlas Russicus
    MImperial Academy of Sciences, St PetersburgcompilationM100
  6. 1755exact year
    The History of Kamtschatka
    WStepan KrasheninnikovfirsthandW007
  7. c. 1762approximate
    Imperium Russicum omnisque Tartaria
    MTobias Conrad LottercompilationM055
  8. 1768exact year
  9. 1776–1780a range
  10. 1781–1796a range
  11. 1790exact year
    Memoirs and Travels
    WMaurice Benyowskyclaimed or disputedW062
  12. 1790exact year
  13. 1794exact year
    Brief Account of What Was Heard about the Northern Raft
    WKatsuragawa Hoshūinformant testimonyW159
  14. 1802exact year
  15. 1807exact year
    Strange Tidings from around the Seas
    WŌtsuki Gentaku and Shimura Hiroyuki, from the…informant testimonyW160
  16. 1820–1827a range
    Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire, 83 sheets, St Petersburg 1820-1827
    MV. P. Pyadyshev, Military Topographic DepotcompilationM101
  17. 1824exact year
  18. 1830exact year
    Travels in Kamtchatka and Siberia
    WPeter DobellfirsthandW014
  19. 1832exact year
    Carte de la Siberie ou Russie d'Asie
    MPierre Lapie and Alexandre Emile LapiecompilationM071
  20. 1836exact year
    Russia in Asia and Tartary
    MHenry Schenck TannercompilationM061