Written source · German

Carl Ritter's great geography of Asia

A Berlin geographer's vast 1830s synthesis of everything Europeans then knew about Inner Asia, Siberia, Iran and India.

Full title Geography in Relation to Nature and Human History, or General Comparative Geography, Part 2: The Geography of Asia, second edition; Asia vols I-II (Erdkunde Theil 2-3, 1832-1833) cover the north and north-east of High Asia (Altai, Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Amur, Zungharia, Tibet approaches); later Asia volumes 1834-1838 continue with East and Central Asia and India

Carl Ritter

Read the 4 passagesOpen the original book

Carl Ritter (1779-1859), professor of geography in Berlin, never travelled in Asia. In the second edition of his Erdkunde (Berlin, Reimer, 1832 to 1838) he built a region-by-region geography out of every traveller, Academy expedition report and Jesuit survey he could find, plus Chinese and Persian sources in French and German translation (Klaproth, Abel-Remusat, Gaubil, Mailla), weighing each critically. The Asia volumes cover High Asia (Mongolia, the Gobi, Altai, Siberia), then the Himalaya, India and Iran. On the Tartars he untangles the name, pieces together the rise and fall of Karakorum from Chinese annals, and discusses the Prester John legend. This corpus copy is the Bavarian State Library scan of Theil 2 to 8 (1832 to 1838).

How they knew
Compiled from others
Who “Tartar” means here
Ritter keeps 'Tatar' for the Mongol-related tribe of Chinggis Khan's time and argues, after Klaproth, that the Turkic-speaking peoples of Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea and Siberia were wrongly called 'Tartars'; he calls them 'Turk-Tatar'. In the older sources he quotes, 'Tartari' is a catch-all for eastern Turks and Mongols.
Why read it
It shows how far careful scholarship had got by the 1830s: Karakorum's founding, walls, palaces, decline and destruction pieced together from Chinese, Persian and European sources, and a clear account of why 'Tartar' was a misnomer.
Watch out
Everything is second-hand, filtered through translations of Chinese and oriental texts, and several bundle pages (India, Iran, the Himalaya) have nothing to do with Tartars. The Fraktur OCR is noisy.

What it says: 4 passages

CitiesKarakorumabout 1368 to 1415; rediscovered in scholarship by the 1820s

Karakorum destroyed, then so forgotten no one knew where it was

Editorial contextAfter the Mongol emperors were driven out of China, Ritter says, Karakorum briefly became their capital again and a base for raids on China, until it was destroyed in the wars between the Oirats and the northern Mongols, which he places around 1415. After that the records fall silent so completely that even its location was forgotten, until the French sinologist Abel-Remusat fixed it again from Chinese texts; Ritter wishes physicists and antiquaries would go and examine the site. On the same page he summarises William of Rubruck's description of the khan's brick-walled enclosure, palace and the foreigners from every nation living there.

Karakorum served them only for a short time as a stronghold from which to attack the Chinese frontier; for in the wars of the Oirats and the northern Mongols it was destroyed … All later reports cease so completely at this point that even the location of the place was forgotten, until Abel-Remusat's critical research could once again assign it its proper position.

Working translation

Original wording

Es diente ihnen auch Karakorum nur kurze Zeit als Waffenplatz, um von da aus die Chinesischen Grenzen anzugreifen; denn in den Kriegen der Oirad und nordischen Mongolen wurde es zerstört, … Alle spätern Nachrichten hören hiermit so ganz auf, daß selbst die Lage des Ortes vergessen war, bis Ab. Remusats Critik demselben von neuem seine richtige Stelle anweisen konnte.

Carl Ritter (drawing on Abel-Remusat and Sanang Setsen's Mongol chronicle)

About Mongols and Oirats (western Mongols)

Keep in mind

The date of about 1415 is Ritter's own inference from a Mongol chronicle's mention of rebuilding the city.

BuildingsKarakorum1234 to 1236

Ogedei walls Karakorum and builds a Palace of Universal Peace

Editorial contextWorking from Chinese annals via Abel-Remusat and Mailla, Ritter dates the building of Karakorum's city walls to 1234 and the palace Wan-an-koung, 'of Universal Peace', to 1234 to 1236, and cites the Persian vizier Rashid al-Din for Ogedei naming the city he had built. He notes on the pages before that the site (Chinese Ho-lin) had first been settled as a residence by Uighur khans in the eighth century and later used by the Kerait, so the Mongols built on an older Turkic capital. The same page lists further palaces and a post road to China with horses and garrisons at every station.

[In 1234] they began there to raise the city walls, which were 45 minutes (5 li) in circumference, and also the palace Wan-an-koung, that is, of Universal Peace. … Ogedei Khan, says the Persian vizier Rashid al-Din in his history of the Mongols, named this great city built by him Karakorum.

Working translation

Original wording

fing man daselbst an die Stadt-Mauern aufzuführen, welche 45 Minuten (5 Li) im Umfange hatten, auch den Palast Wan-an-koung, d. h. des Allgemeinen Friedens. … Oktai-Khan, sagt der Persische Vezier Raschideddin in seiner Mongolengeschichte nannte diese große von ihm erbaute Stadt Karakorum

Carl Ritter (drawing on Chinese annals via Abel-Remusat and Mailla, and on Rashid al-Din)

About Mongols (Ogedei Khan's court)

Keep in mind

The year 1234 is on the previous page (n591); Ritter gives the wall length as '45 Minuten (5 Li)' without further explanation.

Call a Kazan Tatar a 'Tatar' and he hears 'robber'

Editorial contextRitter, summarising the orientalist Julius Klaproth, explains that the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimea were called 'Tartar' because their khans descended from Chinggis Khan, although their people were Turks. The people themselves, he says, reject the name, call their speech Turki, and treat 'Tatar' as an insult meaning robber, because their ancestors had been conquered by the Mongols and Tatars. He adds that the same mix-up runs deep into Siberia past Tobolsk, Tomsk and Yeniseisk, and settles on the scholars' compromise term 'Turk-Tatar'.

But if you ask a so-called Tartar of Kazan or Astrakhan whether he is a Tartar, he will deny it, just as he himself calls his dialect Turki or Turuk, but never Tartari. Remembering that his ancestors were once subjugated by the Mongol and Tatar, he takes Tatar for a term of abuse, which to him means the same as robber.

Working translation

Original wording

Aber, fragt man einen sogenannten Tartar von Kasan oder Astrachan, ob er denn ein Tartar sey: so wird er es verneinen, wie er selbst auch seinen Dialect Turki oder Turuk, niemals aber Tartari, nennt. Eingedenk, daß seine Vorfahren von den Mongol und Tatar einst unterjocht wurden, hält er Tatar für ein Schimpfwort, welches ihm mit Räuber gleichbedeutend ist.

Carl Ritter (summarising the argument of Julius Klaproth)

About Turkic-speaking Tatars of Kazan and Astrakhan, and the 'Tatars' of Siberia

Keep in mind

Ritter did not interview anyone; this is Klaproth's claim about Tatar self-naming, passed on second-hand.

A steppe king lost in the snow, saved by a saint

Editorial contextIn his note on the legend of Prester John, Ritter traces its roots to a real report: a letter to the Nestorian patriarch in Baghdad saying that the king of the Kerait, lost while hunting in snowy mountains, was rescued by a saint who demanded he believe in Christ. The king then asked visiting Christian merchants about baptism, and asked how to keep the fasts when his people ate only meat and milk; the patriarch allowed milk. Ritter thinks this tale, found in Syriac and Arabic authors (via Bar Hebraeus and Assemani), was one seed of the later fantasy of a Christian priest-king in Asia.

the king of the people of the Cherit (that is, Kerait), who lived in the interior of the Turk lands toward the north-east, had lost his way so badly while hunting in the wild snow mountains that only a saint could lead him back and save him. The saint appeared to him with the words: 'If you will believe in Jesus Christ, I will help you out of your distress.'

Working translation

Original wording

der König des Volks der Cherit (i.e. Kerait) der im Innern der Turkländer gegen Nord-Osten wohne, habe sich auf der Jagd im wilden Schnee-Gebirge so verirrt gehabt, daß nur ein Sanctus seinen Weg ihn habe zurückführen und retten können. Dieser sey ihm erschienen mit den Worten: „Willst du an Jesum Christum glauben, so helfe ich dir aus der Noth.“

Carl Ritter (paraphrasing a letter reported by Bar Hebraeus and other Syriac authors)

About Kerait (a steppe people Ritter counts among the eastern Turks and 'Tartari')

Keep in mind

Ritter trusts the date (1007) because Syriac and Arabic authors agree, but the miracle comes from the convert's own reported letter.

The fine print

How we know

compilation Assembled from earlier sources. The author did not observe it directly.

compilation of earlier travellers, Academy reports, Chinese sources in translation (via Klaproth, Neumann, Schmidt) and Jesuit surveys; no firsthand observation

Research notes
  • Entirely secondary; volume numbering follows the whole Erdkunde (Theil 2 = Asien Band 1). IA catalogue titles lack the volume subtitles, so assignment of contents per volume rests on the known structure of the second edition and needs title-page confirmation.
  • The first edition Asia volume (1818) is a different, much shorter text.
  • Further copies: archive.org/details/11421111bsb; archive.org/details/11421113bsb

Why it matters

The great German synthesis of everything known about Inner Asia by the 1830s, with explicit source criticism of each traveller and of the Tartary concept; Ritter's Hochasien volumes are the map of what evidence a well-read contemporary had, and they cite most of the works in this inventory.

Places named

Altai; Siberia; Mongolia; Zungharia; Manchuria; Amur; Tibet; Tarim; Tian Shan; China; India (later volumes)

Peoples named

Mongols and the Mongol empire
Western Mongols (Oirat, Dzungar, Kalmyk)
Turkic and Central Asian peoples and states
Indigenous peoples of Siberia and the North Pacific
Jurchen and Manchus (incl. the Qing as a Manchu dynasty)
Tibetans and Tibetan polities
Rus, Muscovy and the Russian Empire

Mongols; Kalmyks and Zunghars; Kazakh hordes; Buryats; Tunguses; Manchus; Uighurs; Tibetans; Qing empire; Russian Siberia

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